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Investigation of CFC Substitutes to Arrest Ozone Depletion

Received: 3 September 2018     Accepted: 18 September 2018     Published: 27 October 2018
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Abstract

Ozone is a molecule containing three oxygen atoms which is blue in colour and has a strong odour. Ozone is considered as helpful in the stratosphere and harmful substance in the troposphere. Most atmospheric ozone is concentrated within the stratosphere, about 15-30 km above the Earth’s surface. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a family of chemical compounds developed back in the 1930's as safe, non-toxic, non-flammable alternative to dangerous substances like ammonia for purposes of refrigeration and spray can propellants. Their usage grew enormously over the years. One of the elements that constitute CFCs is chlorine. Very little chlorine exists naturally in the atmosphere. But it turns out that CFCs are an excellent way of introducing chlorine into the ozone layer. The ultraviolet radiation at this altitude breaks down CFCs, freeing the chlorine. Under the suitable conditions, this chlorine has the potential to destroy large amounts of ozone. This has indeed been observed, especially over Antarctica. Since the cognizance of adverse influence of halogenated refrigerants in the stratosphere and in troposphere, as proclaimed at the Montreal protocol with subsequent enactment of NASA Act in 1987, the home appliance manufacturers are seriously considering replacement of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by alternative fluids in all the factors of their ever increasing market say, on refrigerators, as a blowing agent for foams, as a cleaning agent for printed circuit boards and the like, much ahead of the EPA schedule. The paper presents a scenario of the research efforts in the field, both by individual investigators and entrepreneurs with necessary recommendations.

Published in American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry (Volume 2, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajaic.20180202.14
Page(s) 27-31
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Refrigerant, Cholrofluorocarbons, Threshold Limit Value, Ozone Depletion Potential

References
[1] B. A. Nagenghast: “A history of refrigerants- CFC time of transition” ASHRAE, 1984, pp3- 15.
[2] R. Downing: “Development of chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants”, ASHRAE Transactions, 1984, vol.90, part 2B.
[3] M. Nardoslawsky and F. Moser: “New compression heat pump media as replacement for CFCs”, International Journal of Refrigeration, 1988, vol.11 (4).
[4] D. P. Wilson and R. S. Basu: Thermodynamic properties of a new stratospherically safe working fluid-refrigerant 134a”, ASHRAE transactions, 1988, vol.94, 02.
[5] M. O. Molinden etal: “Measurement and formulation of the thermodynamic properties of refrigerants 134a and 123”, ASHRAE Transactions, 1989, vol.95, part2.
[6] M. T. Holtzapple: “Reducing energy costs in vapour compression refrigeration and air-conditioning using recycle-comparison of ammonia and R12”: ASHRAE transactions, 1989, vol.95, 1.
[7] E. A. Vinetard etal: Selection of ozone safe non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture for capacity modulation in residential heat pumps”, Ashrae Transactions, 1989, vol.95, 1.
[8] M. R. Senapati: “Environmental Studies” text book published by Cengage, USA (2018).
[9] E. A. Vinetard: “the alternative refrigerant for refrigerator freezers: Truth and consequences” Ashrae Journal, 1991, 97, 02.
[10] G. M. Rorinson: “Designers take aim at CVS “Design News, U.S.A., 1991, 51-56.
[11] J. Banerjee: Wold Congress on sustainable development20-23, January 2000.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Manas Ranjan Senapati. (2018). Investigation of CFC Substitutes to Arrest Ozone Depletion. American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry, 2(2), 27-31. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20180202.14

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    ACS Style

    Manas Ranjan Senapati. Investigation of CFC Substitutes to Arrest Ozone Depletion. Am. J. Appl. Ind. Chem. 2018, 2(2), 27-31. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaic.20180202.14

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    AMA Style

    Manas Ranjan Senapati. Investigation of CFC Substitutes to Arrest Ozone Depletion. Am J Appl Ind Chem. 2018;2(2):27-31. doi: 10.11648/j.ajaic.20180202.14

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajaic.20180202.14,
      author = {Manas Ranjan Senapati},
      title = {Investigation of CFC Substitutes to Arrest Ozone Depletion},
      journal = {American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry},
      volume = {2},
      number = {2},
      pages = {27-31},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajaic.20180202.14},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaic.20180202.14},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajaic.20180202.14},
      abstract = {Ozone is a molecule containing three oxygen atoms which is blue in colour and has a strong odour. Ozone is considered as helpful in the stratosphere and harmful substance in the troposphere. Most atmospheric ozone is concentrated within the stratosphere, about 15-30 km above the Earth’s surface. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a family of chemical compounds developed back in the 1930's as safe, non-toxic, non-flammable alternative to dangerous substances like ammonia for purposes of refrigeration and spray can propellants. Their usage grew enormously over the years. One of the elements that constitute CFCs is chlorine. Very little chlorine exists naturally in the atmosphere. But it turns out that CFCs are an excellent way of introducing chlorine into the ozone layer. The ultraviolet radiation at this altitude breaks down CFCs, freeing the chlorine. Under the suitable conditions, this chlorine has the potential to destroy large amounts of ozone. This has indeed been observed, especially over Antarctica. Since the cognizance of adverse influence of halogenated refrigerants in the stratosphere and in troposphere, as proclaimed at the Montreal protocol with subsequent enactment of NASA Act in 1987, the home appliance manufacturers are seriously considering replacement of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by alternative fluids in all the factors of their ever increasing market say, on refrigerators, as a blowing agent for foams, as a cleaning agent for printed circuit boards and the like, much ahead of the EPA schedule. The paper presents a scenario of the research efforts in the field, both by individual investigators and entrepreneurs with necessary recommendations.},
     year = {2018}
    }
    

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    JO  - American Journal of Applied and Industrial Chemistry
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    AB  - Ozone is a molecule containing three oxygen atoms which is blue in colour and has a strong odour. Ozone is considered as helpful in the stratosphere and harmful substance in the troposphere. Most atmospheric ozone is concentrated within the stratosphere, about 15-30 km above the Earth’s surface. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a family of chemical compounds developed back in the 1930's as safe, non-toxic, non-flammable alternative to dangerous substances like ammonia for purposes of refrigeration and spray can propellants. Their usage grew enormously over the years. One of the elements that constitute CFCs is chlorine. Very little chlorine exists naturally in the atmosphere. But it turns out that CFCs are an excellent way of introducing chlorine into the ozone layer. The ultraviolet radiation at this altitude breaks down CFCs, freeing the chlorine. Under the suitable conditions, this chlorine has the potential to destroy large amounts of ozone. This has indeed been observed, especially over Antarctica. Since the cognizance of adverse influence of halogenated refrigerants in the stratosphere and in troposphere, as proclaimed at the Montreal protocol with subsequent enactment of NASA Act in 1987, the home appliance manufacturers are seriously considering replacement of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by alternative fluids in all the factors of their ever increasing market say, on refrigerators, as a blowing agent for foams, as a cleaning agent for printed circuit boards and the like, much ahead of the EPA schedule. The paper presents a scenario of the research efforts in the field, both by individual investigators and entrepreneurs with necessary recommendations.
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Author Information
  • Department of Chemistry, Trident Academy of Technology, Bhubaneswar, India

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